UMAHLUKO PHAKATHI BK, GBK, BKS, NBK KWISTEEL.

UMAHLUKO PHAKATHI BK, GBK, BKS, NBK KWISTEEL.

UMXHOLO:

I-Anealing kunye ne-normalizing yentsimbi zimbini iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga ukushisa.
Injongo yonyango lokuqala lobushushu: ukuphelisa ezinye iziphene kwizithuba kunye neemveliso ezigqityiweyo, kwaye ulungiselele umbutho wokusebenza okubandayo okulandelayo kunye nonyango lokugqibela lobushushu.
Injongo yokugqibela yonyango lokushisa: ukufumana umsebenzi ofunekayo we-workpiece.
Injongo ye-annealing kunye ne-normalization kukuphelisa iziphene ezithile ezibangelwa ukuqhutyelwa kwentsimbi eshushu, okanye ukulungiselela ukusika okulandelayo kunye nonyango lokugqibela lokushisa.

 Ukufakwa kwentsimbi:
1. Umbono: Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu lokufudumeza iinxalenye zentsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo (ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-Ac1), ukuyigcina ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko ukupholisa ngokucothayo ukufumana isakhiwo esikufutshane nokulinganisa kubizwa ngokuba yi-annealing.
2. Injongo:
(1) Ukunciphisa ubulukhuni kunye nokuphucula iplastiki
(2) Coca iinkozo kunye nokuphelisa iziphene zesakhiwo
(3) Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi
(4) Lungiselela ukucima intlangano
Uhlobo: (Ngokobushushu bobushushu, inokohlulwa ibe yi-annealing ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elibalulekileyo (Ac1 okanye Ac3) Eyangaphambili ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-phase change recrystallization annealing, kuqukwa ne-annealing epheleleyo, i-diffusion annealing annealing homogenization, i-annealing engaphelelanga, kunye i-spheroidizing annealing; Le yokugqibela ibandakanya ukuphinda kufakwe i-annealing kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo.)

•  Gqibezela annealing(GBK+A) :

1) Ingcamango: Fudumeza insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid (Wc = 0.3% ~ 0.6%) kwi-AC3 + (30 ~ 50) ℃, kwaye emva kokuba i-austenitized ngokupheleleyo, ukugcinwa kobushushu kunye nokupholisa okucothayo (ukulandela isithando somlilo, ukungcwaba esantini, i-lime), Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu ukufumana isakhiwo esisondeleyo kwimeko yokulinganisa ibizwa ngokuba yi-annealing epheleleyo.2) Injongo: Ukucoca iinkozo, ukwakheka okufanayo, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukunciphisa ubunzima, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika.
I-2) Inkqubo: i-annealing epheleleyo kunye nokupholisa okucothayo kunye nesithando somlilo kunokuqinisekisa imvula ye-proeutectoid ferrite kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-supercooled austenite kwi-pearlite kwiqondo lokushisa eliphambili elingaphantsi kwe-Ar1.Ixesha lokubamba i-workpiece kwiqondo lobushushu elidibeneyo aligcini nje ukwenza ukuba i-workpiece itshise, oko kukuthi, i-core of workpiece ifikelela kwiqondo lokushisa elifunekayo, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke i-homogenized austenite ibonwa ukufezekisa ukuzaliseka kwakhona.Ixesha lokubamba le-annealing epheleleyo lihambelana nezinto ezifana nokubunjwa kwensimbi, ubukhulu be-workpiece, umthamo wokulayishwa kwesithando somlilo kunye nendlela yokulayisha isithando somlilo.Kwimveliso eyiyo, ukuze kuphuculwe imveliso, ukufakwa kwamanzi kunye nokupholisa ukuya kuma-600 ℃ kungaphuma kwiziko kunye nokupholisa umoya.
Ubungakanani besicelo: ukuphosa, i-welding, i-forging kunye ne-rolling ye-medium carbon steel kunye ne-medium carbon alloy steel, njl.Ubunzima bentsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni iphantsi emva kokuba i-annealed ngokupheleleyo, engabangeli ukusika ukucutshungulwa.Xa intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid ishushu kwi-austenite state ngaphezu kwe-Accm kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza kwaye ifakwe, inethiwekhi ye-cementite yesibini iyancipha, enciphisa kakhulu amandla, iplastiki kunye nefuthe lokuqina kwentsimbi.

• I-Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Ingqikelelo: Inkqubo yokufakwa kwe-spheroidize carbides kwintsimbi ibizwa ngokuba yi-spheroidizing annealing.
2) Inkqubo: Inkqubo ye-spheroidizing annealing ngokubanzi i-Ac1+(10~20)℃ ipholiswe ngesithando somlilo ukuya kwi-500~600℃ ngokupholisa umoya.
3) Injongo: ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukuphucula intlangano, ukuphucula iplastiki kunye nokusebenza kokusika.
I-4) Ubungakanani besicelo: ikakhulu isetyenziselwa izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo zokulinganisa, iimbumba, njl njl. yensimbi ye-eutectoid kunye ne-hypereutectoid steel.Xa intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid ine-network ye-cementite yesibini, ayinayo kuphela ubunzima obuphezulu kwaye inzima ukwenza ukusika, kodwa iphinda ikhulise i-brittleness yentsimbi, ejongene nokucima i-deformation kunye nokuqhekeka.Ngesi sizathu, inkqubo yokufunxa i-spheroidizing kufuneka yongezwe emva kokusebenza okushushu kwentsimbi ukuze i-spheroidize i-flake ingene kwi-cementite yesibini kunye ne-pearlite ukufumana i-granular pearlite.
Izinga lokupholisa kunye nokushisa kwe-isothermal kuya kuchaphazela umphumo we-carbide spheroidization.Isantya sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukushisa okuphantsi kwe-isothermal kuya kubangela ukuba i-pearlite yenziwe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi.Iinqununu ze-carbide zihle kakhulu kwaye i-aggregation effect incinci, eyenza kube lula ukwenza i-flaky carbides.Ngenxa yoko, ubunzima buphezulu.Ukuba izinga lokupholisa licotha kakhulu okanye ubushushu be-isothermal buphezulu kakhulu, amasuntswana e-carbide enziweyo aya kuba rhabaxa kwaye isiphumo se-agglomeration siya kuba namandla kakhulu.Kulula ukwenza i-granular carbides yobunzima obahlukeneyo kwaye wenze ubulukhuni buphantsi.

•  I-Homogenization annealing (i-diffusion annealing):

I-1) Inkqubo: Inkqubo yokushisa ukushisa i-ingots yensimbi ye-alloy okanye i-castings kwi-150 ~ 00 ℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac3, ibambe i-10 ~ 15h kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ezingalinganiyo.
2) Injongo: Ukuphelisa ukuhlukana kwe-dendrite ngexesha le-crystallization kunye ne-homogenize ukubunjwa.Ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu bokufudumeza kunye nexesha elide, iinkozo ze-austenite ziya kukhuhla kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukwenza i-annealing epheleleyo okanye i-normalizing ukucokisa iinkozo kunye nokuphelisa iziphene ezigqithisayo.
3) Ubungakanani besicelo: ikakhulu isetyenziselwa i-ingots yensimbi ye-alloy, i-castings kunye ne-forgings kunye neemfuno eziphezulu.
4) Qaphela: Ubushushu obuphezulu bokusasazwa kwe-annealing kunomjikelezo omde wemveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, i-oxidation enzulu kunye nokususwa kwe-workpiece, kunye neendleko eziphezulu.Kuphela ezinye iintsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu we-alloy kunye ne-alloy castings kunye ne-ingots zetsimbi ezinolwahlulo olunzima zisebenzisa le nkqubo.Ukwenziwa kwee-castings ezinobungakanani obuncinci obuqhelekileyo okanye i-carbon steel castings, ngenxa yeqondo labo elilula lokwahlula, ukudibanisa okupheleleyo kungasetyenziselwa ukucokisa iinkozo kunye nokuphelisa uxinzelelo lokuphosa.

• Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo

I-1) Ingcamango: Ukudibanisa ukususa uxinzelelo olubangelwa yi-plastic deformation processing, i-welding, njl. kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kwi-casting ibizwa ngokuba yi-stress relief annealing.(Akukho ukuphazamiseka okwenzekayo ngexesha lokunciphisa uxinzelelo)
2) Inkqubo: fudumeza kancinci i-workpiece ukuya kwi-100 ~ 200 ℃ (500 ~ 600 ℃) ngaphantsi kwe-Ac1 kwaye uyigcine ixesha elithile (1 ~ 3h), emva koko uyipholise ngokucothayo ukuya kwi-200 ℃ ngesithando somlilo, kwaye emva koko ipholile. iphume ezikweni.
Intsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo yi-500℃ 600℃
Intsimbi yentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo idlula amabhanti angama-550 ku-500-550 ℃, nto leyo eya kubangela ngokulula igraphitization yepearlite.Iindawo zokuwelda ziqhelekile kwi500℃ 600℃.
I-3) Ubungakanani besicelo: Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kwi-cast, i-forged, i-welded, i-welded parts, i-stamped parts ebandayo kunye ne-workpieces yomatshini ukuzinzisa ubungakanani beentsimbi zentsimbi, ukunciphisa i-deformation kunye nokuthintela ukuqhekeka.

Ukulungiswa kwentsimbi:
1. Ingcamango: ukufudumeza insimbi kwi-30-50 ° C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 (okanye i-Accm) kwaye uyibambe ngexesha elifanelekileyo;inkqubo yonyango lobushushu lokupholisa kumoya ongashukumiyo kuthiwa yi-normalizing of steel.
2. Injongo: Ukucoca ingqolowa, isakhiwo esifanayo, ukulungelelanisa ubunzima, njl.
3. Umbutho: Insimbi ye-Eutectoid S, i-hypoeutectoid steel F + S, i-hypereutectoid steel Fe3CⅡ + S
4. Inkqubo: Ixesha lokugcinwa kobushushu liqhelekile kuyafana nokufunxa ngokupheleleyo.Kufuneka isekelwe kwi-workpiece ngokutshisa, oko kukuthi, ingundoqo ifikelela kwiqondo lokushisa elifunekayo, kunye nezinto ezifana nentsimbi, isakhiwo sokuqala, umthamo wesithando somlilo kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.Indlela yokupholisa eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kukukhupha intsimbi kwisithando somlilo kwaye uyipholise ngokwemvelo emoyeni.Kwiindawo ezinkulu, ukuvuthela, ukutshiza kunye nokulungelelanisa umgama wokupakisha iinxalenye zetsimbi nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokupholisa iindawo zetsimbi ukufezekisa umbutho ofunekayo kunye nokusebenza.

5. Uluhlu lwesicelo:

• 1) Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwentsimbi.Insimbi ye-Carbon kunye ne-low-alloy alloy enomxholo wekhabhoni ongaphantsi kwe-0.25% inobulukhuni obuphantsi emva kokuqhawula, kwaye kulula "ukunamathela" ngexesha lokusika.Ngokusebenzisa unyango oluqhelekileyo, i-ferrite yamahhala inokuncitshiswa kwaye i-flake pearlite inokufumaneka.Ukwandisa ubulukhuni kunokuphucula ukucwangciswa kwentsimbi, ukwandisa ubomi besixhobo kunye nokuphela kwendawo yokusebenza.
• 2) Ukuphelisa iziphene ze-thermal processing.I-Medium-carbon structural steel castings, i-forgings, iinxalenye eziqengqelekayo kunye namalungu adityanisiweyo athanda ukutshisa kakhulu iziphene kunye nezakhiwo ezinamabhande afana neenkozo ezirhabaxa emva kokufudumeza.Ngokusebenzisa unyango oluqhelekileyo, ezi zakhiwo zineziphene zinokupheliswa, kwaye injongo yokucocwa kweenkozo, ukwakheka okufanayo kunye nokupheliswa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunokufezekiswa.
• 3) Ukuphelisa i-carbides yenethiwekhi ye-hypereutectoid steel, iququzelele i-spheroidizing annealing.Intsimbi ye-Hypereutectoid kufuneka i-spheroidized kwaye ifakwe ngaphambi kokucima ukuququzelela umatshini kunye nokulungiselela isakhiwo sokucima.Nangona kunjalo, xa kukho i-network carbides enzulu kwintsimbi ye-hypereutectoid, umphumo omuhle we-spheroidizing awuyi kufumaneka.I-carbide yeNet inokupheliswa ngonyango oluqhelekileyo.
• 4) Ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo.Ezinye iintsimbi ze-carbon steel kunye ne-alloy steel parts kunye noxinzelelo oluncinci kunye neemfuno zokusebenza eziphantsi ziqhelekile ukufikelela kwintsebenzo ethile ebanzi yomatshini, enokuthi ithathe indawo yokucima kunye nonyango olushushu njengonyango lokugqibela lobushushu lwamalungu.

Ukukhetha ukucoca kunye nokuqhelekileyo
Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-annealing kunye ne-normalization:
1. Izinga lokupholisa le-normalizing likhawuleza kancinci kunokucoca, kwaye iqondo lokupholisa ngaphantsi likhulu.
2. Ulwakhiwo olufunyenwe emva kokuqhelekileyo lucolile, kwaye amandla kunye nobunzima buphezulu kunoko-annealing.Ukhetho lokucoca kunye nokuqhelekileyo:

• Kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni <0.25%, i-normalizing idla ngokusetyenziswa endaweni yokucima.Ngenxa yokuba isantya sokupholisa esikhawulezayo sinokuthintela intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni ukuba ingangeni kwisamente yasimahla ephezulu kumda wengqolowa, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukusebenza kogutyulo olubandayo lwamacandelo estampu;i-normalization inokuphucula ubulukhuni bentsimbi kunye nokusebenza kokusika kwensimbi ephantsi ye-carbon;Kwinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu, i-normalization ingasetyenziselwa ukucokisa iinkozo kunye nokuphucula amandla ensimbi ephantsi ye-carbon.
• Intsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni phakathi kwe-0.25 kunye ne-0.5% nayo inokuthi ibe yesiqhelo endaweni yokucima.Nangona ubunzima be-carbon steel medium kufuphi nomda ophezulu womxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu emva kokuqhelekileyo, kusenokuthi kunqunywe kunye neendleko zokulinganisa imveliso ephantsi kunye nephezulu.
• Insimbi enomxholo wekhabhoni phakathi kwe-0.5 kunye ne-0.75%, ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni ephezulu, ubunzima emva kokuqhelekileyo buphezulu kakhulu kune-annealing, kwaye kunzima ukunqumla.Ke ngoko, i-annealing epheleleyo isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuphucula ukusika.Ukuqhubekeka.
• Iintsimbi zekhabhoni eziphezulu okanye izixhobo zentsimbi ezinomxholo wekhabhoni> 0.75% ngokubanzi zisebenzisa i-spheroidizing annealing njengonyango lokuqala lobushushu.Ukuba kukho inethiwekhi ye-cementite yesibini, kufuneka ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kuqala.

Umthombo:Uncwadi lobuchwephesha boomatshini.

Umhleli: Ali